Alexander Pope, in An Essay on Man, places the human being in a distinctive position within the order of things: neither animal nor angel, but somewhere between the two. This idea has often been read as a static hierarchy, a reminder of human limitation and a warning against pride. We are not angels, and we should not pretend to be.

That reading is correct as far as it goes. But it is incomplete.

What Pope describes as a fixed position in the order of being can also be understood as a dynamic field of formation. We do not move up and down the chain in any literal sense. A human being remains a human being. But within that condition, there is considerable scope for development, degradation, and transformation.

The more useful question, then, is not whether we can become angels or fall into animality in essence, but how far our conduct and character come to resemble one or the other.

This is best understood by distinguishing between essence and formation.

Our essence is fixed. We are rational, social, self-aware beings. We are capable of reflection, judgement, and moral choice. These capacities define what it is to be human.

Formation, however, is variable. It is shaped over time through habit, environment, and repeated action. A person who consistently acts with restraint, clarity, and responsibility does not merely perform those actions in isolation. They become, in a meaningful sense, the kind of person for whom such conduct is natural. Conversely, a person who repeatedly acts from impulse, fear, or appetite becomes progressively less governed by judgement and more by reaction.

This is not a moral slogan. It is an observable reality.

A useful analogy can be drawn from the animal world: A domestic dog raised among humans becomes attuned, responsive, and relational. A feral dog, though of the same species, becomes reactive, survival-driven, and difficult to integrate. The essence of the animal has not changed, but its character and behaviour have been profoundly shaped by its environment and experience.

Something similar is true of human beings.

We all contain, in potential, both higher and lower tendencies. There are impulses towards appetite, fear, and immediate gratification. There are also capacities for reflection, proportion, and restraint. The moral life consists in the ordering of these elements, not in the elimination of one side or the pretence that we are something other than we are.

In this sense, the language of being “between animal and angel” can be made more precise.

To live in a way that is closer to the animal is to be governed primarily by immediacy: short time horizons, reactive behaviour, and the dominance of appetite or fear. To live in a way that approaches the angelic is to exhibit the ability to act with proportion, even under pressure. These are not metaphysical transformations. They are patterns of conduct that, over time, become embedded as character.

The critical point is that alignment shapes formation.

By alignment, we mean the repeated choice to act in accordance with what is judged to be right, proportionate, and appropriate to the situation. Each such choice reinforces certain patterns and weakens others. Over time, this produces a settled disposition. What begins as effort becomes habit; what is habitual becomes character; and character, in turn, determines how a person acts when it matters.

This is why the stakes are higher than they first appear. Individual decisions are not isolated events. They are formative acts.

Pope himself is cautious about any suggestion that human beings can ascend beyond their proper place. His concern is with pride and overreach, the attempt to transcend limitation rather than to live well within it. In this he is right. The danger is not that we become too ordered, but that we imagine ourselves exempt from the constraints that define us.

Yet if we hold on to his insight about limits while incorporating a more developed understanding of formation, a fuller picture emerges.

We cannot become angels. But we can become more or less capable of living in accordance with the higher aspects of our nature. We cannot cease to be human. But we can become better or worse examples of what a human being is.

This has practical implications that extend well beyond abstract philosophy.

In professional life, the difference between a reactive operator and a composed, judgement-led practitioner is not one of intelligence alone. It is the result of formation. In leadership, the ability to hold complexity, to resist impulsive action, and to act proportionately under pressure is not innate. It is cultivated. In culture, the norms that develop within an organisation reflect the accumulated patterns of behaviour that are permitted, encouraged, or enforced.

In each case, the same principle applies. People become what they repeatedly do.

The idea that human beings stand between animal and angel is therefore not merely a statement about metaphysical position. It is a description of a field of tension within which human life is lived. We are the beings in whom competing drives are conscious, and in whom the ordering of those drives is both possible and necessary.

The task is not to escape this condition, but to inhabit it well.

We do not change what we are. But we do, over time, profoundly change how we are. And in that difference lies the formation of character, the possibility of judgement, and the decisive distinction between a life governed by impulse and one governed by understanding.

There is, moreover, a growing body of empirical work that reflects this pattern at the level of culture. Cross-cultural studies have identified meaningful differences between societies in their orientation toward restraint, delayed gratification, and long-term coordination. Some place a greater emphasis on regulating impulse and sustaining effort over time; others give more weight to immediacy and expression.

At the individual level, research on delayed gratification suggests that the capacity to restrain impulse is not fixed but formed, and is closely associated with long-term outcomes. At the societal level, economists and sociologists have long observed that high-trust environments, those in which individuals reliably regulate their conduct without constant enforcement, are able to sustain more complex and stable institutions.

These findings do not establish a hierarchy of cultures in any simple sense. They do, however, reinforce a more modest but important point: that the formation of character, whether in individuals or in societies, has consequences. The habits that are encouraged, tolerated, or discouraged over time shape not only how people behave, but what they become capable of sustaining together.

In most modern systems, process is treated as the primary means of achieving reliable outcomes. Procedures are defined and decisions are structured in advance so that they can be reproduced consistently. This has the clear advantages of allowing work to be defined, priced, delegated, scaled and audited. It reduces dependence on individual discretion and makes outcomes more predictable.

But it also creates a particular risk.

Where process becomes dominant, judgement tends to recede. Decisions are made by following steps rather than by seeing what is required for the situation at hand. Responsibility is displaced from the person to the system, and the quality of the outcome becomes increasingly dependent on the adequacy of the procedure rather than the discernment of the individual.

This is not a failure of the process, it is a misunderstanding of its role.

Process is most effective when it supports judgement, not when it replaces it. It provides structure, consistency, and a baseline of competence. It ensures that certain things are done, and done in the right sequence. But it cannot determine what matters most in a given case, or how competing considerations should be weighed. Those are matters of judgement.

The distinction becomes clearer in practice. In legal work, for example, it is possible to follow a correct process and still produce a poor outcome, because the underlying issue has not been properly understood. Equally, a good result can sometimes be achieved with an imperfect process, where the person involved has seen clearly what is required and acted accordingly.

This is because judgement operates at a different level; it is concerned with relevance, proportion, and timing. It involves recognising what is significant, what can be ignored, and what must be done now rather than later. It cannot be fully specified in advance, because it depends on the particularities of the situation. (I know this because I spent ten years writing software to automate legal processes and helping law firms to implement those processes.)

When systems are designed without this distinction in mind, they tend to drift in one of two directions. Either process becomes increasingly detailed, in an attempt to anticipate every possible scenario, or it becomes more rigid, in order to ensure consistency. In both cases, the result is the same: the system becomes harder to use intelligently, and those within it become less inclined to exercise judgement, even where it is required.

This has consequences beyond efficiency. It affects how people are formed.

Where individuals are primarily asked to follow procedures, they become skilled in compliance but less confident in decision-making. Over time, this can produce a reluctance to take responsibility for outcomes that fall outside the expected pattern. Conversely, where judgement is expected and supported, individuals develop a clearer sense of responsibility, and a more stable capacity to act under uncertainty.

The aim, therefore, is not to eliminate process, but to place it in its proper relation to judgement.

A well-designed system does three things. It provides enough structure to ensure reliability. It leaves sufficient space for judgement where it is needed. And it makes clear where responsibility lies. This is as true in law and business as it is in any other domain.

In this sense, the question is not whether to rely on process or judgement, but how to integrate them. Process should handle what can be standardised. Judgement should govern what cannot. The difficulty lies in recognising the boundary between the two, and in designing systems that respect it.

This becomes increasingly important as systems grow more complex, and as the use of automation and AI expands. The temptation will be to extend process further, to capture more of what was previously left to human discretion. In some areas, this will be both possible and desirable. But there will remain a core set of decisions that cannot be reduced in this way without loss.

The task is to identify that core, and to ensure that it remains the responsibility of those capable of exercising judgement.

It is often easier to see the character of a tradition by observing what happens in its absence.

Where imagination, moral realism, and practical judgement are no longer held together, a number of familiar patterns begin to emerge. These are not usually experienced as dramatic failures. More often, they appear gradually, as a thinning out of meaning and a weakening of coherence in both individual and institutional life.

The first sign is a narrowing of reality. When the imaginative dimension is set aside, the world comes to be understood primarily in terms of mechanism and measurement. What cannot be quantified becomes difficult to recognise, and eventually difficult even to speak about. Human beings are then treated less as participants in a meaningful order and more as units within a system.

At the same time, the idea of moral order becomes unstable. If reality is no longer understood as intelligible in a deeper sense, then the basis for objective judgement begins to erode. Questions of right action are displaced by questions of preference, consensus, or procedure. In such a setting, responsibility becomes harder to locate. It is either diffused across systems or reduced to compliance with rules.

This has direct consequences for institutions. When structure is no longer aligned with a coherent account of human nature, systems tend to become either rigid or arbitrary. In some cases, process expands to fill the space left by the absence of judgement. In others, decision-making becomes increasingly personalised and unstable, as there is no shared framework within which to exercise discretion.

The result is not usually disorder in any obvious sense. On the contrary, many such systems continue to function, and may even appear efficient. But they do so at the cost of intelligibility. Those within them often experience a growing sense that things are happening without clear purpose, or that the connection between action and outcome has become obscure.

At the level of individual life, a similar pattern can be observed. Without a stable sense of participation in a meaningful order, experience tends to fragment. Attention shifts from understanding to management: managing risk, managing perception, managing outcomes. The question of what is true or right is replaced, more quietly, by the question of what works.

None of this occurs all at once, and it is rarely the result of deliberate choice. It is more often the cumulative effect of small shifts: the gradual preference for what is measurable over what is meaningful, for process over judgement, and for abstraction over responsibility.

The point is not to suggest that these developments can be reversed by argument alone. Nor is it to idealise any earlier period. The conditions described here arise naturally whenever the deeper coherence of a tradition is no longer actively maintained.

If my previous post described a convergence of imagination, moral order, and practical judgement, then what is described here is its dispersal. Each element may remain in some form, but they no longer reinforce one another. Imagination becomes detached from truth, moral language from reality, and systems from the people they are intended to serve.

The task, therefore, is not primarily one of critique, but of re-integration. It is to restore, in concrete settings, the alignment between how we understand the world, how we act within it, and the structures through which that action is carried forward.

That task is necessarily practical. It takes place in the design of systems, in the exercise of judgement, and in the habits of responsibility that are formed over time. It does not require a return to the past, but it does depend on recovering what is sound within it.

Over time, I have come to see that the questions I am interested in do not arise in isolation. They sit within a particular intellectual tradition, one that is distinctively English in character, and which holds together imagination, moral realism, and practical judgement. I feel extremely fortunate that I have been unconsciously exposed to profound ideas, from the age of four, but only now as a lawyer, applying these ideas, do I see the significance of that early education, and I want to make my contribution, however small, to the preservation of these insights.

At one end of this tradition stands William Blake, who recognised that reality is not exhausted by mechanism or measurement, but is fundamentally imaginative. For Blake, human beings do not stand outside the world as neutral observers; we participate in it through perception. When that imaginative dimension is reduced or denied, both individual psychology and civilisation itself become distorted. His doctrine of contraries suggests that growth arises not from the elimination of tension, but from its disciplined integration.

Alongside this, T. H. Green gave philosophical and institutional form to a related intuition. He understood the person as essentially self-realising within a moral order, and freedom not as mere choice, but as participation in the common good. In his work, law, ethics, and civic life are not separate domains, but expressions of a deeper account of human flourishing.

These strands are brought into a more accessible unity in C. S. Lewis, who re-presented moral realism and the reality of the transcendent in terms intelligible to the modern world. Lewis showed that reason, imagination, and faith are not competing faculties, but mutually reinforcing ways of apprehending truth. In his writing, the moral law is both objective and experientially known, and the symbolic and the rational are held together rather than set apart.

This work is best understood as an attempt to continue that convergence, but with a particular emphasis on application. Its concern is not only to understand these principles, but to embody them in functioning systems; in law, in business, and in civic life.

It proceeds on a number of working assumptions:

• that reality is intelligible because it is grounded in a deeper, mind-like order
• that human beings are formed through responsibility rather than abstraction
• that institutions succeed when their structures align with moral and psychological truth
• and that judgement, rather than mere process, is the central human function in any enduring system

In this sense, the project is not theoretical so much as practical. It is concerned with building structures that are technically competent, morally serious, and humanly intelligible, on the basis that civilisation is sustained not by ideas alone, but by the quality of the systems through which those ideas are lived.

As a young man, I took for granted the existence of these traditions and institutions, but now I realise they are constructed and maintained by people who observe, think and act. Following my move back to England, two years before covid, I have had time to think, and now I want to put my shoulder to the wheel of action.

I started writing here some years ago, at a time when my focus was largely on the changing tools of legal practice; technology, branding, and the early movement toward cloud-based systems. Those questions interested me then, and they still do. But they sit at a lower level than the questions that now, more than a decade later, seem to me to be more important.

This blog is being restarted for a different purpose.

It is not intended as a marketing channel, nor as a stream of commentary on current events. There are already more than enough places for both. It is also not a personal diary. What I want to do here is something more deliberate and, I hope, more durable.

This is a place to think about judgement, structure, and continuity.

In my work as a solicitor, and in building software systems for clients and lawyers, I am increasingly struck by how much depends not on technical knowledge alone, but on the quality of judgement applied to particular situations. Most legal problems are not solved by information; they are resolved by seeing clearly what matters, what does not, and what should be done next. That is a skill, but it is also a discipline, and it is not reliably taught.

At the same time, I am concerned with how systems – legal, commercial, and increasingly technological – either support or undermine that discipline. Many modern systems are efficient, but they are not always aligned with how people actually think and behave. They can obscure responsibility, fragment decision-making, and encourage activity without direction. The question that interests me is not simply how to make systems work, but how to make them support sound judgement and responsible action over time.

There is also a wider context. The institutions and habits that have historically sustained a stable and civilised society, especially law, local life, shared norms of conduct, are not self-maintaining. They require attention, use, and renewal. They are carried forward not by theory alone, but by people who are capable of exercising judgement within them. That, in turn, depends on formation: how people are trained, what they see modelled, and what is expected of them.

So the scope of this blog is intentionally broad, but it is not unfocused. It will touch on:

• how decisions are made, and how they can be improved
• how legal and commercial structures succeed or fail
• how systems should be designed to align with human responsibility
• how continuity is maintained across generations, in families, firms, and communities

Some of this will be drawn directly from practice. Some from observation. Some from older sources, including writers such as Blake, Green, and Lewis, who addressed these questions in a different idiom, but often with greater clarity than we manage now.

The aim is to build a small body of writing that is coherent, practical, and capable of being used. If it is useful, it should be readable more than once. If it is not, it is probably not worth writing.

I have started writing comments on on-line articles and letters to the editors of newspapers, and since the comments have been favourably received and the letters have been published I will gather a few of my thoughts together in this blog.

Coincidentally, today is the fortieth anniversary of my first day at boarding school, which I think was the first Tuesday in September, 1969. I was seven, but one of my clearest memories is of walking up the stairs to the third floor, following two “masters” who were carrying my school trunk. I think it was Mr Gorringe the Science Master and Mr Welham, who taught Maths.

I enjoy thinking about the past, even the bad times, but I also set goals for the future and try to make the most of now.  Most people consider me to be optimistic, but living in Australia, a privileged person in a privileged community, I count my blessings every day.